Leinsamen
Scientific Name: Flaxseed
Other Names: Flaxseed oil, Graine de lin, Linseed, Linseed oil, Lint bells, Linum, Winterlein
References
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Brown DJ. Low-fat diet, supplemented with flaxseed, may influence prostate cancer progression. HerbalGram. 2002;54:24-26.
Brooks JD, Ward WE, Lewis JE, et al. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;79(2):318-325.
Chen J, Power KA, Mann J, Cheng A, Thompson LU. Dietary flaxseed interaction with tamoxifen induced tumor regression in athymic mice with MCF-7 xenografts by downregulating the expression of estrogen related gene products and signal transduction pathways. Nutrition in Cancer. 2007;58(2):162-170.
Chen J, Power KA, Mann J, Cheng A, Thompson LU. Flaxseed alone or in combination with tamoxifen inhibits mcf-7 breast tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice with high circulating levels of estrogen. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood). 2007;232(8):1071-1080.
Chen J, Thompson LU. Lignans and tamoxifen, alone or in combination, reduce human breast cancer cell adhesion, invasion and migration in vitro. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2003;80(2):163-170.
Cintra DE, Costa AV, Peluzio Mdo C, Matta SL, Silva MT, Costa NM. Lipid profile of rats fed high-fat diets based on flaxseed, peanut, trout, or chicken skin. Nutrition. 2006;22(2):197-205.
Clark WF, Kortas C, Heidenheim P, et al. Flaxseed in lupus nephritis: a two-year nonplacebo-controlled crossover study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001;20(2):143-148.
Cohen SL, Ward WE. Flaxseed oil and bone development in growing male and female mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A. 2005;68(21):1861-1870.
Comhaire FH, Mahmoud A. The role of food supplements in the treatment of the infertile man. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2003;7(4):385-391.
Dabrosin C, Chen J, Wang L, Thompson LU. Flaxseed inhibits metastasis and decreases extracellular vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Letter. 2002;185(1):31-37.
Demark-Wahnefried W, Robertson CN, Walther PJ, Polascik TJ, Paulson DF, Vollmer RT. Pilot study to explore effects of low-fat, flaxseed-supplemented diet on proliferation of benign prostatic epithelium and prostate-specific antigen. Urology. 2004;63(5):900-904.
Dodin S, Cunnane SC, Masse B, et al. Flaxseed on cardiovascular disease markers in healthy menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2008;24(1):23-30.
Dupasquier CM, Weber AM, Ander BP, et al. The effects of dietary flaxseed on vascular contractile function and atherosclerosis during prolonged hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. American Journal of Physiology and Heart and Circulation Physiology. 2007;293(4):H2394-H2402.
Francois CA, Connor SL, Bolewicz LC, Connor WE. Supplementing lactating women with flaxseed oil does not increase docosahexaenoic acid in their milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;77(1):226-233.
Frische EJ, Hutchins AM, Martini MC, Thomas W, Slavin JL. Effect of flaxseed and wheat bran on serum hormones and lignan excretion in premenopausal women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003;22(6):550-554.
Fritsche KL, Johnston PV. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on growth, metastasis, fatty acid profile and prostaglandin production of two murine mammary adenocarcinomas. Journal of Nutrition. 1990;120(12):1601-1609.
Fukumitsu S, Aida K, Ueno N, Ozawa S, Takahashi Y, Kobori M. Flaxseed lignan attenuates high-fat diet-induced fat accumulation and induces adiponectin expression in mice. British Journal of Nutrition. Epublished ahead of print. February 6, 2008.
Haggans CJ, Travelli EJ, Thomas W, Martini MC, Slavin JL. The Effect of Flaxseed and Wheat Bran Consumption on Urinary Estrogen Metabolites in Premenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2000;9:719-725.
Haggerty WJ. Flax: ancient and modern medicine. HerbalGram. 1999;45:51-57.
Hallund J, Ravn-Haren G, Bugel S, Tholstrup T, Tetens I. A lignan complex isolated from flaxseed does not affect plasma lipid concentrations or antioxidant capacity in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(1):112-116.
Hallund J, Tetens I, Bugel S, Tholstrup T, Bruun JM. The effect of a lignan complex isolated from flaxseed on inflammation markers in healthy postmenopausal women. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. Epublished ahead of print. May 22, 2008.
Hanf V, Gonder U. Nutrition and primary prevention of breast cancer: foods, nutrients and breast cancer risk. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2005;123(2):139-149.
Harper CR, Edwards MJ, DeFilipis AP, Jacobson TA. Flaxseed oil increases the plasma concentrations of cardioprotective (n-3) fatty acids in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(1):83-87.
Harper CR, Edwards MC, Jacobson TA. Flaxseed oil supplementation does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentration or particle size in human subjects. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(11):2844-2848.
HealthNotes, Inc. Flaxseed. 2002. Available at: http://www.healthwell.com/Healthnotes/Supp/Flaxseed .cfm Accessed May 7, 2003.
Hemmings SJ, Song X. The effects of dietary flaxseed on the Fischer 344 rat. III. Protection against CCl(4)-induced liver injury. Cellular and Biochemical Functioning. 2005;23(6):389-398.
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Jenkins DJ, Kendall CWC, Vidgen E, et al. Health aspects of partially defatted flaxseed, including effects on serum lipids, oxidative measures, and ex vivo androgen and progestin activity: a controlled, crossover trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;69:395-402.
Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, et al. A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2008;27(1):51-58.
Khan G, Penttinen P, Cabanes A, et al. Maternal flaxseed diet during pregnancy or lactation increases female rat offspring's susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Reproductive Toxicology. 2007;23(3):397-406.
Kinniry P, Amrani Y, Vachani A, et al. Dietary flaxseed supplementation ameliorates inflammation and oxidative tissue damage in experimental models of acute lung injury in mice. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(6):1545-1551.
Lai PK, Roy J. Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2004;11(11):1451-1460.
Lemay A, Dodin S, Kadri N, Jacques H, Forest JC. Flaxseed dietary supplement versus hormone replacement therapy in hypercholesterolemic menopausal women. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002;100(3):495-504.
Lewis JE, Nickell LA, Thompson LU, Szalai JP, Kiss A, Hilditch JR. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of dietary soy and flaxseed muffins on quality of life and hot flashes during menopause. Menopause. 2006;13(4):631-642.
Lucas EA, Lightfoot SA, Hammond LJ, et al. Flaxseed reduces plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion formation in ovariectomized Golden Syrian hamsters. Atherosclerosis. 2004;173(2):223-229.
Mandasescu S, Mocanu V, Dascalita AM, et al. Flaxseed supplementation in hyperlipidemic patients. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2005;109(3):502-506.
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Nguyen CT, Bui BV, Sinclair AJ, Vingrys AJ. Dietary omega 3 fatty acids decrease intraocular pressure with age by increasing aqueous outflow. Investigational Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences. 2007;48(2):756-762.
Nelson TL, Stevens JR, Hickey MS. Inflammatory markers are not altered by an eight week dietary alpha-linolenic acid intervention in healthy abdominally obese adult males and females. Cytokine. 2007;38(2):101-106.
Nordstrom DC, Honkanen VE, Nasu Y, et al. Alpha-linolenic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study: flaxseed vs. safflower seed. Rheumatology International. 1995;14(6):231-234.
Ogborn MR, Nitschmann E, Bankovic-Calic N, Weiler HA, Aukema HM. Effects of flaxseed derivatives in experimental polycystic kidney disease vary with animal gender. Lipids. 2006;41(12):1141-1149.
Oplinger ES, Oelke EA, Doll JD, Bundy LG, Schuler RT. Flax. University of Wisconsin Alternate Field Crops Manual. Last Update November 18, 1997. Available at: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/flax.html Accessed May 7, 2003.
Othman RA, Suh M, Fischer G, et al. A comparison of the effects of fish oil and flaxseed oil on cardiac allograft chronic rejection in rats. American Journal of Physiology and Heart Circulation Physiology. 2008;294(3):H1452-H1458.
Pan A, Sun J, Chen Y, et al. Effects of a flaxseed-derived lignan supplement in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. PLoS ONE. 2007;2(11):e1148.
Paschos GK, Magkos F, Panagiotakos DB, Votteas V, Zampelas A. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic [sic] patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;61(10):1201-1206.
Patade A, Devareddy L, Lucas EA, Korlagunta K, Daggy BP, Arjmandi BH. Flaxseed reduces total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in Native American postmenopausal women. Journal of Womens Health (Larchmont). 2008;17(3):355-366.
Pellizzon MA, Billheimer JT, Bloedon LT, Szapary PO, Rader DJ. Flaxseed reduces plasma cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic mouse models. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2007;26(1):66-75.
Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Kurzer MS. Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993;77(5):1215-1219.
Prasad K. Dietary flax seed in prevention of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1997;132:69-76.
Prasad K. A study on regression of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by flax lignan complex. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;12(4):304-313.
Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. Reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by CDC-flaxseed with very low alpha-linolenic acid. Atherosclerosis. 1998;136:367-375.
Pruthi S, Thompson SL, Novotny PJ, et al. Pilot evaluation of flaxseed for the management of hot flashes. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology. 2007;5(3):106-112.
Rajesha J, Murthy KN, Kumar MK, Madhusudhan B, Ravishankar GA. Antioxidant potentials of flaxseed by in vivo model. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2006;54(11):3794-3799.
Rowland I, Faughnan M, Hoey L, Wahala K, Williamson G, Cassidy A. Bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens [sic]. British Journal of Nutrition. 2003;89(Suppl 1):S45-S58.
Sankaran D, Bankovic-Calic N, Cahill L, Yu-Chen Peng C, Ogborn MR, Aukema HM. Late Dietary Intervention Limits Benefits of Soy Protein or Flax Oil in Experimental Polycystic Kidney Disease. Nephron and Experimental Nephrology. 2007;106(4):e122-e128.
Sankaran D, Bankovic-Calic N, Peng CY, Ogborn MR, Aukema HM. Dietary flax oil during pregnancy and lactation retards disease progression in rat offspring with inherited kidney disease. Pediatric Research. 2006;60(6):729-733.
Sano T, Oda E, Yamashita T, et al. Antithrombic and anti-atherogenic effects of partially defatted flaxseed meal using a laser-induced thrombosis test in apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. 2003;14(8):707-712.
Schwab US, Callaway JC, Erkkila AT, Gynther J, Uusitupa MI, Jarvinen T. Effects of hempseed and flaxseed oils on the profile of serum lipids, serum total and lipoprotein lipid concentrations and haemostatic factors. European Journal of Nutrition. 2006;45(8):470-477.
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Thompson LU, Rickard SE, Cheung F, et al. Variability in anticancer lignan levels in flaxseed. Nutrition and Cancer 1997;27(1):26-30.
Thompson LU, Rickard SE, Orcheson LJ, Seidl MM. Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth at a late stage of carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(6):1373-1376.
Tou JC, Chen J, Thompson LU. Flaxseed and its lignan precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, affect pregnancy outcome and reproductive development in rats. Journal of Nutrition. 1998;128(11):1861-1868.
Trentin GA, Moody J, Torous DK, Thompson LU, Heddle JA. The influence of dietary flaxseed and other grains, fruits and vegetables on the frequency of spontaneous chromosomal damage in mice. Mutation Research. 2004;551(1-2):213-222.
Vandeveer C. How did flax preserve history? April 29, 2003. Available at: http://www.killerplants.com/plants-that-changed-history/20030429.asp Accessed May 7, 2003.
Velasquez MT, Bhathena SJ, Ranich T, et al. Dietary flaxseed meal reduces proteinuria and ameliorates nephropathy in an animal model of type II diabetes mellitus. Kidney International. 2003;64(6):2100-2107.
Vijaimohan K, Jainu M, Sabitha KE, Subramaniyam S, Anandhan C, Shyamala Devi CS. Beneficial effects of alpha linolenic acid rich flaxseed oil on growth performance and hepatic cholesterol metabolism in high fat diet fed rats. Life Sciences. 2006;79(5):448-454.
Ward WE, Chen J, Thompson LU. Exposure to flaxseed or its purified lignan during suckling only or continuously does not alter reproductive indices in male and female offspring. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 2001;64(7):567-577.
Weiler HA, Kovacs H, Nitschmann E, Bankovic-Calic N, Aukema H, Ogborn M. Feeding flaxseed oil but not secoisolariciresinol diglucoside results in higher bone mass in healthy rats and rats with kidney disease. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2007;76(5):269-275.
Young GS, Conquer JA, Thomas R. Effect of randomized supplementation with high dose olive, flax or fish oil on serum phospholipid fatty acid levels in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005;45(5):549-558.
Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, et al. Dietary flaxseed lignan extract lowers plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. British Journal of Nutrition. 2008;99(6):1301-1309.
Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, et al. Effects of dietary flaxseed lignan extract on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2008;11(2):207-214.
Last Revised July 18, 2008
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